R as complete teaching infrastructure: Automating and enriching university geography education

class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide

.title[
# R as complete teaching infrastructure: Automating and enriching university geography education
]
.subtitle[
## Matthew Haffner, PhD
]
.author[
### Department of Geography and Anthropology, University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire, USA
]

---

.pull-left[
## Courses

- _Quantitative Methods in Geography_
- _Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning_
- _Urban Geography_
- _Geography Field Seminar (Geography of Oregon)_
- _Geographic Information Systems II_
- _Geographic Information Systems III_
- _Human Geography_
]

.pull-right[

<div id="htmlwidget-801959bc7db149f206f9" style="width:100%;height:625px;" class="leaflet html-widget"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-801959bc7db149f206f9">{"x":{"options":{"crs":{"crsClass":"L.CRS.EPSG3857","code":null,"proj4def":null,"projectedBounds":null,"options":{}}},"calls":[{"method":"addProviderTiles","args":["CartoDB.Positron",null,null,{"errorTileUrl":"","noWrap":false,"detectRetina":false}]},{"method":"addMarkers","args":[44.79680973247365,-91.4992334449804,null,null,null,{"interactive":true,"draggable":false,"keyboard":true,"title":"","alt":"","zIndexOffset":0,"opacity":1,"riseOnHover":false,"riseOffset":250},null,null,null,null,null,{"interactive":false,"permanent":false,"direction":"auto","opacity":1,"offset":[0,0],"textsize":"10px","textOnly":false,"className":"","sticky":true},null]},{"method":"addMiniMap","args":[null,"Esri.WorldStreetMap","bottomright",150,150,19,19,-6,false,false,false,true,false,false,{"color":"#ff7800","weight":1,"clickable":false},{"color":"#000000","weight":1,"clickable":false,"opacity":0,"fillOpacity":0},{"hideText":"Hide MiniMap","showText":"Show MiniMap"},[]]}],"setView":[[44.79680973247365,-91.4992334449804],6,[]],"limits":{"lat":[44.79680973247365,44.79680973247365],"lng":[-91.4992334449804,-91.4992334449804]}},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>

]

---

.pull-left[

# Course content

- `Rmarkdown`, `blogdown`, Hugo, netlify

]

.pull-right[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='./img/hex-blogdown.png' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.pull-left[

# Course content

- `Rmarkdown`, `blogdown`, Hugo

# Presentations

- `xaringan`, `xaringanthemer`, `xaringanExtra`, remark.js
]

.pull-right[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='./img/hex-xaringan.png' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.pull-left[

# Course content

- `Rmarkdown`, `blogdown`, Hugo

# Presentations

- `xaringan`, `xaringanthemer`, `xaringanExtra`, remark.js
- `leaflet`, `deckgl`, `mapgl`, `streetview`
]

.pull-right[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='./img/hex-streetview.png' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---

.pull-left[

# Plumbing

- Canvas API via `reticulate`, `DT`, `ggplot2`
]

.pull-right[
.center[
<div style='max-height:625px'>
<img style='max-height: inherit' src='./img/hex-reticulate.png' height='100%' />
</div>
.small[]
]
]

---
class:inverse,center,transition

## Course content

---

---

---
class:inverse,center,transition

## Slide examples

---

## Correlogram (GGally)

.pull-left-60[

``` r
# Quick display of two cabapilities of GGally, to assess the distribution and correlation of variables
library(GGally)

## From the help page:
data(tips, package = "reshape")
ggpairs(
  tips[, c(1, 3, 4, 2)],
  upper = list(continuous = "density", combo = "box_no_facet"),
  lower = list(continuous = "points", combo = "dot_no_facet")
)
```
]

.pull-right-40[
<img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-3-1.png" alt="" height="400" />
]

---

<div id="htmlwidget-df7bc0f868a44a678d0b" style="width:100%;height:615px;" class="widgetframe html-widget"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-df7bc0f868a44a678d0b">{"x":{"url":"index_files/figure-html//widgets/widget_unnamed-chunk-4.html","options":{"xdomain":"*","allowfullscreen":false,"lazyload":false}},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>

---

## Slide examples

``` r
library(leaflet)
library(widgetframe)

loc <- c(32.54616557591488, -116.98885152862641)

m <- leaflet(width = '100%', height = '615px') %>%
  addProviderTiles(providers$Esri.WorldImagery) %>%
  setView(lng = loc[2], lat = loc[1], zoom = 15)

frameWidget(m)
```

---

## Slide examples

.pre[

``` lisp
(defun haff/xar-add-web-map (COLUMNS CHUNK-DIR)
  "Insert web map used in xaringan presentations. It inserts a map from the 'chunks' dir"
  (if (= COLUMNS 1)
      (progn
        (setq start-text "")
        (setq end-text "")
        (setq choices '("CartoDB.Positron" "CartoDB.DarkMatter" "Esri.WorldImagery"))
        (setq basemap (ido-completing-read "Basemap: " choices))
        (cond
         ((string= basemap "CartoDB.Positron")
          (setq insert-filename "web-map.Rmd"))
         ((string= basemap "CartoDB.DarkMatter")
          (setq insert-filename "web-map-cartodb-dark.Rmd"))
         ((string= basemap "Esri.WorldImagery")
          (setq insert-filename "web-map-satellite.Rmd"))))
    (progn
      (setq start-text "")
      (setq end-text "")
      (setq insert-filename "web-map-two-column.Rmd")))
  (setq chunk-dir CHUNK-DIR)
  (setq loc-var (point))
  ;; if previous web map exists
  (if (search-backward start-text nil t nil)
      (progn ; then
        (if
            (y-or-n-p "Use previous web map?")
            (progn
              (search-backward start-text nil t nil)
              (setq copy-start-point (point))
              (search-forward end-text nil t nil)
              (move-end-of-line nil)
              (setq copy-end-point (point))
              (copy-region-as-kill copy-start-point copy-end-point)
              (goto-char loc-var)
              (yank)
              (search-backward "loc <- c(")
              (search-forward "(")
              (forward-char 1))
          (progn
            (goto-char loc-var)
            (insert-file-contents (concat chunk-dir insert-filename)))))
    (progn ; else
      (goto-char loc-var)
      (insert-file-contents (concat chunk-dir insert-filename))))

(search-forward "loc <- c(")
  (move-end-of-line nil)
  (forward-char -1)
  (if (y-or-n-p "Have coordinates from Google Maps?")
      (progn
        (evil-paste-before 1))
    (evil-insert-state)))
```
]

---

## Slide examples

<div id="htmlwidget-83bcc23d5d4e49ed3143" style="width:100%;height:500px;" class="streetview html-widget"></div>
<script type="application/json" data-for="htmlwidget-83bcc23d5d4e49ed3143">{"x":{"lat":52.093,"lng":5.1133,"api_key":"AIzaSyDNjl9Hr0DHw5Q-zquwXYqRusxhHeD36ac","heading":120,"pitch":5,"zoom":1,"pano_id":null,"address_control":true,"fullscreen_control":true,"link_control":true,"pan_control":true,"zoom_control":true},"evals":[],"jsHooks":[]}</script>

---

## Slide examples

``` r
library(streetview)

# Vredenburg Crossing in Utrecht, Netherlands
streetview(
  lat     = 52.0930,
  lng     = 5.1133,
  heading = 120,
  pitch   = 5,
  zoom    = 1,
  height  = "500px"
)
```

---
class:inverse,center,transition

## Plumbing
---

<div class="datatables html-widget html-fill-item" id="htmlwidget-1ee8da624b58a1793aa1" style="width:100%;height:auto;"></div>
<script type="application/json" 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arguments have to be in a specific order? For example, when using get_acs, does the geography have to come before the variable and year?","It's super cool how easy R makes it to map data. I always imagined code like this would be super complicated, but its only a few lines of code to make a whole map. Super fun!","With the activity of making a map of income of Wisconsin & another state, what if we wanted to make a map of income by county across both WI & MN, how would we do that? Could we assign multiple states to the state argument, or would we have to merge the two variables?","When I made another quick thematic map for Alaska,  The map was very wide with Alaska on the far left and another smaller landmass far off to the right, how would one fix the projection to allow for a cleaner map?","The API key seems much more powerful than Tigris already.","The R activity today was really rewarding because I was struggling to get it to work but was able to figure it out.","I had a project last semester where  I manually searched the census data for two variables then created a map in ArcGIS. It would've been very nice to know how to use the API because that took so long and was very annoying.","It's shocking how easy it is to get census data in R as compared to GIS.","We learned more about R and practiced plotting and estimating data to create a map in R. I found it very efficient and took less time than ArcGIS Pro would.","I liked customizing the script in R to try out other states. Its nice being able to reuse code by adjusting a few parameters in order to get the same result for a different purpose. This makes using R feel like a breeze because when you do it once, you can do it again and again much easier.","Honestly the API scraping is way easier than I thought, the key made it seem intimidating but the scraping and plotting is even easier than Python","We didn't have enough time, but I was also having some trouble with my API key. I requested a new one and activated it and re started RStudio, but it was still coming up with an error. Maybe this can be solved next week.",null,"I thought it was interesting when you said that many of your blogs have been made using R.","The replicability of code is a life saver and definitely alleviates stress when working with multiple datasets. I am also looking at how different states have their counties situated and Vermont is quite interesting.","The work with R has been really cool, especially with the ability to make maps","I'm interested in exploring the census data more now that I am familiar with retracing the data.","I really enjoyed the in-class activity today. I feel like after each one that we do, I get more and more comfortable with working in R.","I'm really enjoying the class, but in class activities and prepping code for the labs feels a bit rushed and stressful, it's a little hard to keep up and help others around me.","Do cartographers often use R first and then ArcGIS or simply map in R?","I'm interested in exploring the US Census data more in R. The sheer number of specificities in what data you can grab is insane for all sorts of purposes.","How can we rotate our maps within R? I briefly tried using theta and rot functions, but it didn't quite work even though I adjusted the variable names. (I specifically wanted to do that for Alaska)","is there a website that is good to get R map color palates?","it was very interesting to see dbh used as a variable, it reminded me of summer work.","Learning how to organize in the codex was helpful and also nice to know because I'm very type A and love being able to have everything stored well in an order that makes sense.","I really like the 4 dashes feature in order to make separate sections within RStudio, as someone who appreciates organization.","For some reason, I have the sections and subsections, which can be found in the upper right corner, but without the blue arrows. How to get the arrows? And can we switch their color?","It's stressful and also beneficial when we learn new coding things in R and then practice them right after. It's very helpful to understand.","I appreciate being told how to prepare notes, it's very annoying when a section is longer than you thought and doesn't fit","I've been meaning to start a codex for myself, so I appreciate getting the opportunity to do so in class.","It's cool how quickly R can handle such big data sets, i would expect it to have to load and stall a lot more.","I <3 Statistics.","I like the balance of handwritten and codex \"notes\" to help learn and keep track of various functions, methods, etc.","I liked that we got to write out the stat spellbook i feel like it will really help me because I learn better by writing things out myself so im glad we are doing that.","Is there a way to prevent the summary function from rounding values (such as the mean Ozone value)?","For working on future labs, what is the lab code for P275? I couldn't find it on the website or posted on canvas.","Is the first exam the only one that is formatted as multiple question or will that style of exams pop up again.","Is there a way to hide the subcategories in R? When I try to close the general us census dataset the other two subcategories are still visible, and I don't know if you can hide them.","When using summary instead of the individual functions, the issue of needing to specify the removal of missing data points in calculation is not present. Does summary just always remove missing data automatically?","How often are you using search engines to find useful functions, like summary()? I also often find I don't know what I don't know, and wouldn't think to find certain functions at first, like a function that does min, max, median, mean, etc. all in one function.","I find already that the codex will be a very useful tool. I have used R in GIS 2 and a bit on my own. I wish that I would have saved my useful code to drawback on.","I thought it was really cool experimenting with the R data sets and seeing what information is there","I thought today was a fun excersize in sifting through data and quickly pulling useful values. I'm curious","I found it useful and helpful how quickly R can load statistics and run calculations on those statistics. Definitely better than GIS which can be slow at times with larger datasets.","This class I felt really confident in my R abilities","I am really enjoying making the codex to save useful functions.","I thought the data set collections was neat to see the different lists.","It's cool how quick you are able to make visualizations in R!","We learned about descriptive stats and then practiced them in R. I learned a lot.","I felt less lost today when working within RStudio! I think I am starting to get the hang of/remember more of the functions we've worked with throughout the past couple weeks.","Is there a distribution type that is better than the others to use as a general default or is it best to pick and choose?","Density plot is superior!","You mentioned the extension you used that allowed you to select multiple lines at once, what is the easiest/best extension to install so that we can also utilize that feature?","I appreciated learning about density plots as an alternative to histograms. I have always personally thought histograms were limited in displaying data because as a viewer, the whole \"binning\" concept usually confuses me. It depends on the specific dataset.","I was confused about what distributions and density was but actually making them in R helped a lot","Just trying to wrap my head around it all- what is the difference between a density plot and just plotting the data? If that makes any sense.","The chi-square example seemed to have a lot of possible variations. What are some real-world applications of chi-square visualization?","What would I have to do an excel spreadsheet to clean it up before import the csv file into R? What if the file has multiple sheets or a sheet has multiple tables?","the density plot is cool. How come you dont have to use density() before using pretty density?","For future exams, will there be a limit of the notes we can have in our codex, or will we be allowed to put in anything we want in there?","I think I'm going to try the large language module study guide to quiz myself.","Is there a way to spit out mean, median, and mode all in one run? Is there a way to run multiple lines at once?","Feeling fairly confident for the exam, working with r is getting easier","Ridge plots are so pretty and intuitive for understanding. I have never had to make one, but it would be nice to try.","It was interesting to hear about how the pretty functions were built off of ggplot2. is there a good amount of versatility with ggplot2?","The pretty_hist(), and pretty_dens() functions are so helpful.","I liked learning about distribution plots because we use histograms in remote sensing a lot but these are so much more helpful and i might try using them in that class instead.","The plotting features in R are pretty similar, if not identical to python, which is nice.","I liked the overview of the various ways you can represent data. No questions this week, thank you!","I liked going through the different types of distributions. I think that plotting the data is my favorite thing to do in R right now.","what situation would you choose to use a histogram plot over a density plot?","I thought the density plot was way better than histograms.","Where can I learn how to use the method you were using to type faster, like typing two things at once?","I really enjoyed learning about the skew and the distribution. It made sense to me early which was a breath of fresh air compared to the rest of the material so far.","I appreciate hearing that we should not use LLM right now to work on labs. its so tempting when learning something new to turn to LLMs for help but I really want to learn these basics now so that I am better at this in the future.","You mentioned the largest R conference in the world... how many are there?","This is the most I have felt like I actually understood what we were doing and why throughout. Measures of distribution shape makes sense to me! Plus, it feels good to feel like I'm getting a grasp on using R...sort of. Also, I'm wondering, will we be getting our exams back so we can see what we got wrong? Sorry, I'm sure you'll touch on that next class.","Are the shape plots mainly used to present geographic data professionally? How often is it really used?","is there a way to plot the mean and median onto your distribution curve?","Kurtosis and skew made a lot of sense to me today! I liked how we were able to get the values and try to guess what the density plot would turn out like, before seeing how those values would be visualized.","is it typical to have multiple packages calculate identical fields like with moments and e1071?","I've been meaning to ask: there are sections in my Codex since I put \"----\" at the end of the comments. But for some reason, the code itself does not appear \"sectioned,\" it doesn't have the blue arrow buttons to hide some sections if needed. How to fix it?","It is confusing that a right skew has more data on the left side and vice versa, but working with it more will help","I appreciate clarifying measures of shape in terms of skewness because, though it makes sense, it did initially seem counterintuitive.","platykurtic? more like flattykurtic!","I think its a good learning trick to remember the tail for skews I think it'll help me remember for future references.","I put everything into the lab as instructed and ran it but RStudio says it does not recognize my new API key even though I put it into my codex. How can I fix this?","I am extremely grateful to be developing the codex. It is very helpful to have the ability to drawback on knowledge. R is a bit like drinking from the firehouse and the codex makes it all the more manageable.","Can't wait to learn more with distribution","Why does R  continue to say that my API key is invalid or inactive  and when I go to load it, it says that a CENSUS_API_KEY already exists?","Why would an analyst use the moments package rather than e1071?","I'm thinking of starting a project to streamline staff scheduling based on Google form responses. How would you integrate something like web survey entries to an R script and bring it back to a website visualization without having to open RStudio? Is something like that possible with the scope of what we'll learn in this class?","To your last point about not using LLMs, they are evil I will never touch one in my life.","I'm kind of having trouble remembering all this stuff, its sort of just going in one ear out the other. Is there a good study tactic to use, or will it sink in with repeated use?","Thank you for showing how to sort the data. It makes it much easier to read the data when wanting to verify values.","Is skew something that is highly analyzed when viewing data unlike kurtosis?","I am feeling a bit uncertain about how to know what packages to use and how to use them.I am wanting to dive a bit deeper into producing higher quality map components and productions.","1. I don't really get how the interactions between a GIS software (like Arc GIS Pro) and R work. For the last lab, when we had to pull the percent German ancestry data, I believe we were shown how to do that with R and then bring it into ArcGIS Pro to map. I personally could not figure that out, though that is likely related to the fact that when the specific line of code was given just at the end of class, it all happened so fast and I wasn't able to write it down. Instead, I calculated a field within ArcGIS Pro, but that is tedious and I would much rather understand how to calculate that data within RStudio and quickly transfer it to ArcGIS Pro.2. Maybe a silly question, but I am curious about what the R 'workspace' / \"history\" is? Even after I save the R file I was working in, when I exit RStudio, my computer will prompt me to save the 'workspace' or \"history,\" but only sometimes? I always click yes, just to be safe, but I don't really know what I am saving there and if it's necessary.","One thing about R that doesn't really make sense to me is how R is able to access so much data so readily. I'm curious where the libraries are stored and how the extraction of data works exactly from the internet, or however it is stored.Recently, I have been seeing commercials for ChatGPT's 'Codex' feature, which seems to be somehow an AI that helps with scripting. I'm curious how these AI coding features may interact/evolve with R. In the future would R contain AI features, or does it already?","We learned about standard deviation and added to the spellbook.","The two things that give me the most problems in R right now are memorizing the different packages and when to use them for what as well as remembering what words need quotation marks and which ones don't.","1. I still find it difficult to read tables in the console. It feels like its jumbled around. 2. Sometimes it feels like it takes to long to highlight the line you want to copy, is there a way to do it without using the mouse?","What I am confused about in R:1. How to change color grading for specific bars/lines in R plots (especially for interval variables with existing negative values). I always had to look it up online.How arguments geometry and cb work. The Imposter Syndrome Article:3. Advice on how to cope with it in data science:Accept you will never know everything, and it is fine.Do not 'fake it until you make it.'Ask questions.Share what you are learning.Counterpoint: sometimes it is enough to simply record (in contrast to sharing) what you learn and review the list as your achievements. Focusing on strengths and efforts to build these strengths rather than weaknesses helps.","I have a hard time remembering the different function names Why does the letter c have to be at the start of some functions ex: c(1,2,3)?","Describe two things about R that currently don't make sense to you.Packages can have the same name for functions as other packages.Certain functions or variables use uppercase letters but most only use lowercase.","Two things about R that currently don't make sense to me: 1. Sometimes I confuse some formatting with python ($ vs [] for pulling certain variables)2. I am still a little confused with API keys but am unsure how to form a question about them (my census API key is fine and set up correctly; I'm more so curious about other API keys).","You said that your website is made in R as well as all of your maps & websites, how do you get R to interface with those things and produce that stuff?On a similar note, I see a lot of people write papers or produce their CVs in R, and I don't know how they can just write that in R and have it translate into an actual document, and how is that not more complicated than to just use a different program to write documents, like word.","1. Remembering what to fill in the bank spaces when setting up Rcode2. Key bindings3. Data science is made up of different fields, is a new thing, imposter syndrome- thinking that everyone knows more than you do4. How do I ask a question without feeling shame for not already knowing it? ex. while in the workforce","Short Task 4I don't quite understand how the process of how to plot something on R, because I think it has something to do with ggplot and Tigris, but I don't know how to set it up without looking at examples. I don't know how to shift from the top screen and the bottom screen with just the keyboard and there are still a lot of keyboard shortcuts that I don't know (although I admittedly haven't looked into them)Ask questions, be honest, don't be afraid to say 'I don't know' , know that everyone else is learning, acknowledge that you won't know everything about data science.Real question, not a criticism: If everyone is still learning, how do you know when you are competent enough for a certain job or not in data science?","How does R work in tandem with other languages? Do you need special programs so they know how to interact?If you're sourcing your own data, how would you best prepare the data for use in R?","Is R just useful for statistics scripting, or can it be used for basically everything like Python? I've seen it be used for lots of different things, I'm just wondering if there's a reason it's more useful than Python for doing something non-statistcal that they can both do.If R is the coding language, how can it be used with other languages? Wouldn't the syntax of say Python conflict with that of R? How and why can it understand that?","1. So far everything we have done requires re-running lines each session to view/obtain outputs. How do you create software/code/outputs needed for more permanent things like a website or your presentations? can R create \"products\" (for a lack of better words), or is it just a fancy calculator?2. Similarly, is there a way to save outputs within the R file in an organized way?","how best or organize data so you know what is going on when you come back months later. how to make beneficial maps or organize data in a easy to understand way like excel.","1. What i dont understand in R currently is remembering all the package things to load it just isn't clicking to me.2. Another thing is why certain things we put up above in that section to code and then asking things in the bottom section.","short-task41) when looking at the environment pane on Rstudio, why do variables from previous sessions populate? and how can one clear these previous variables?2) I've always understood coding regardless of language to be akin to writing instructions for a machine to follow. I see how that happens with R-scripts, but what is the role of the console. I understand that you can input things into the console, but what is the difference between a script and a console?3) the author suggests saying you don't know when in fact you do not. Furthermore, the author champions how ongoing learning is another solution.4) I do think there is something to be said about the fake it 'til you make it approach. particularly on the point of stresses, in the past I've worked very intensely to identify how stresses are not equal. Particularly stresses that are actionable and relevant to your life may be a driver for change in attitudes that cause stress.","Short task responses:1. Why is there no built-in base R function for mode? I don't understand what \"qualifies\" something to be a base R function as opposed to other functions. 2. I feel like I never remember anything. I always have to reference my notes to do simple tasks in R. So right now, I'm not understanding how R can make tasks fasters, but I'm sure that will change with time.","1. How is tmap used for complex mapping?2. When/how does R decide to round values when computing statistics?","1: I don't understand how to split a polygon based on cell boundaries of a raster. 2: I don't understand how pipes (%<%) work.","1. I'm unsure about how to manipulate the visualisations to suit more specific needs2. My codex is really messy and I'm not sure how I should organize it","Rstudio questions:1. Do we have to control enter everything in the codex in order for something calculations to work every time we use Rstudio?2. What are the questions for in the statistical spellbook?","Can ordinal data be given numeric values to calculate data? For example, if I wanted to calculate the average level of education in a group of people could I give numerical values to each level of education?1. Do variables in R always have to have quotation marks?2. How can I enter my own data into R?","1. I feel pretty comfortable with using R, especially within class and for the labs. I am more struggling with how to make visualisations look nice.2. I am also struggling with making more interesting maps, or how to make or add more detail to them.","I liked showing everything about how you use R and all the different things you use it for, it makes it seem more useful","No questions today. Your R-generated slides look awesome for having been generated via straight coding. Or maybe I just have bad associations with the HTML websites we'd need to produce in my middle school.","I love my data.","When getting census data, my computer defaulted to a different year of the acs than yours...why did that happen?","when doing the in class activity with the filter function for state, I got 0 rows and columns. ## load api key here if necessarycensus_api_key(\"ecb1ae749ae1248831c7126c18fb7f5ae4a4b553\", install=TRUE)## get population data from the censusus_data <- get_acs(geography = \"county\" ,        variables = \"B19013_001\" ,        geometry = TRUE ,        cb = TRUE)## get state fips as its own variableus_data$state <- substr(us_data$GEOID , 1, 2)## filter by state (get two states)wi_data <- filter(us_data, state == 55)il_data <- filter(us_data, state == 17)## density plotspretty_dens(wi_data$estimate)pretty_dens(il_data$estimate)","Its very helpful to go through the in class activities and then also work on the labs on my own. I feel like both types of learning help solidify the overall workflow of R. With any language its all about learning how it does its thing and so having different avenues of working through the information is helping me stay consistent with the content.","Going through and calculating population standard deviation and sample standard deviation by hand is helpful in understanding how measures of central tendency are connected to the dispersion of a dataset.","it's worthwhile to me to learn calculations for standard deviation by hand.","could we not just use the state argument in get_acs instead of filtering?","I found it challenging at first to distinguish between the N and n in each equation for standard deviation, but I think I'm starting to get it now.","I was able to do most of the simple standard deviation calculation without checking the formula until the very end where I needed to take the square root of the value.","Today, we added a dispersion example to our codex. As well as calculated sample deviation in R.","I thought it was really interesting working with the dispersion data. It was also helpful to see the codex that you work with, because I'm often intimidated by not remembering the different functions and codes we use, so it is helpful to see that it is not required to completely memorize those things.","It was good to do the sample standard deviation ourselves cause doing that helps me learn and remember how to do it more.","I kept running into errors regarding state not being found during the codex portion of class.","It is confusing remembering what to fill in the blanks for some areas","You were really energetic today, did you have like an extra 3 coffees this morning, and can you do so more often?","Your website is a super cool example of the different applications of r. Could there be a way of gathering data from entries on a website, pulling entered data from the website to your code, and displaying the resulting criteria back to the website?","Can kurtosis be evaluated from a visualization or does it need to be computed because of scale?","This lab session of this class felt really fast, and I was helping the people around me but it really looked like they were struggling to keep up.","I am appreciating R's error messages as they often seem to tell me exactly what I did wrong and how to fix it.","I swear I'm just putting in exactly what you put in but I keep getting errors, like when I put in sd(7,9,11,13) for example, it would just say \"error, unused variables 11,13\" and it kept saying us_data not found after I loaded all the libraries from the website.","When I tried to other states like Maine and New Hampshire in the practice today, R told me that there was an error of ‘state' not found. How can I fix this so that I can potentially do other states in the future?","I've had a difficult time figuring out how to nicely plot my data for lab 03 using the base/graphics R packages. (Though I haven't tried haffutils yet, which might be easier).","learning about the manhattan median reminded me of a joke map i saw about a 50/50 split of US population that needed 16 latvias on one side to balance it out correctly.","I liked how we worked through how to use tmap and then were able to try it on our own. I also enjoyed using fill and getting to pick the colors for each calculated point.","tmap is really cool! I'm definitely going to look into learning more about it to create visually appealing web maps!","The different types of means were really interesting to go over and plot in R today. I like the exposure to new things.","I'm excited to be using tmap, I think it's very cool.","I assume the same principles for calculating mean center would work for 3D, right? There would just be an extra z-coordinate as I understand. Also, I love tmap--super useful.","It was fun to use tmap more since it contains so much, so that we are able to learn more about different libraries and functions.","I'm happy that we're starting to map things, tmap seems a lot more useful than what I used for lab 2.","How do you deal with outliers when computing mean centers?","Are measures of spatial tendency usually collected as a group or is it more case specific?","Today we used a new package: spData. We loaded it but never installed it. Did we do that earlier? Or is it already somewhere in the Q Drive? Are the packages saved as files on the computer? How does R know where to look for them to load them?","I really want to dive deeper into tmap. I want to lean into geospatial analysis within R rather than ArcGIS Pro. As we have gone on throughout the semester I have found that ArcGIS Pro is about as useful as Adobe Illustrator. The power of R and scripting is lightyears more powerful than conventional point and click software.","For office hours, is it ok if we just pop in, or would you rather we make an appointment ahead of time?","The material in this class period related well with what I learned about radial surveying in Field Methods last week. Sorta feels like the collection and analysis I did in lab there could have been done much quicker and easier in R with these types of methods, but I understand the value of physical data collection.","what is the tool to change point size and shape in t map?","It was cool plotting the dots for today I liked doing that.","How does tmap determine the colors you are allowed to use? I was working with matplotlib yesterday, and the documentation for that lays out what colors are available. Does tmap have a shared color database or is its colors separately defined?","I like doing handwritten equations then seeing how they are implemented in R and being able to compare answers through the code.","This is more in reference to the lab due this week, but I've always had a tough time understanding math and the table method for standard deviation is one of the first methods that has just clicked with me right away. I can't believe I've gone this long without knowing it.","I actually got the chance to visit London over winter break and it is cool to see bike data at stations and compare what I saw myself.","Does tmap also have color pallets that can be applied?","I liked finally plotting points on a map, being able to visualize the data I'm manipulating and dealing is what makes this kind of thing make sense!","I think I'm starting to understand how some of the errors occur and how to fix them.","Just from the small exercise in class, tmap seems like an amazing tool for visualization. How would I go about sharing a web map publicy? Is anyone able to see the html link through RPubs?","It's nice to be able to think about these measures in a spatial way, it helps to visualize it and see it where it can make sense on a map","If you were to make a map in R using data like what we used today (with the bikes for example), how would know where to cite the data if you wanted to make maps for other projects? Would you use the function with the question mark?","It seems a little confusing all of the different empirical rules. I hope this makes sense as we work through more standard distance practice.","The statistics portion today did feel a little drink from the firehose. The visualizations helped me process the formulas. Do you have any recommendations on how we could practice or continue to engage with this outside of class to develop a stronger grasp?","As the number of dimensions increases, how does the chance of it being within 1 standard distance of the mean center decay?","It was fun thinking about coordinates within a 2D and 3d space to imagine the concepts of these principles","What is the package ggforce used for?","Has there ever been a scenario where points fall out of the 100% rule in three dimensions? I find it hard to believe a 100% certainty in a real world scenario.","Im excited to learn more about P values and how thats used in geography since we use to religiously in Biology.","The hand written equations are coming really easy to me now after spending time working on them on and outside of class.","Have fun at the conference!","How do you know what \"n\" is in the standard and sample deviation equations?","I remember bits and pieces of the standard deviation/normal distribution rules from stats but didn't know it could relate to spatial data!Have fun at the conference!","I think it would be nice if we talked about our upcoming lab assignments in class more thoroughly so we understand what to do so we aren't confused","It was really surprising to learn that the standard normal dispersion empirical rule does not hold true for standard distance in normal dimensions.","Does the set.seed set the mean center or what exactly does it do?","How might changes in elevation and bodies of water affect the standard distance? An example of this could be looking at points on a small island versus points in a desert.","this actually made a lot of sense to me. What was the highlight of WLIA?","The 3d plot was really cool!","How can I get more practice using the calculator in Rstudio?","I took some great notes today. This made sense to me. Oh, how I desperately wish that I could take statistics to count towards my B.S. degree instead of precalculus...","What are some applications for the empirical rule in three dimensions? Or is it just for funzies?","It's getting to the point where I look back at my notes and all I can think is \"what the hell is all this again?\"","While I have heard of the empirical rule, I didn't know it changed slightly with different dimensions (1d, 2d, and 3d). I also think I recall you presenting on this topic at the West Lakes conference.","What are some examples of spatial data collected from the real world where we would see a normal distribution?","I really liked the interactive map and sort of game that we looked at today. I enjoy running simulations like that to better understand the material.","How do you get the standard deviation in 3d in Rstudio?","The simulations we've created remind me of trade areas simulated by ArcGISPro's Business Analyst tool in my GEOG352 course. It is cool to see a pattern.","will piping always link to the line of code below %>%?","I didn't really understand how the example about the twins being one boy and one girl. I just didn't understand why we added the scenarios together.","I thought the genetic probability question was interesting as Ive taken genetics and so we used to do problems like that all the time.","I remember learning about probability theory in a math class I took, good refresh.","I like probability :)","I thought that the probability scenarios were really fun and made it easier to understand when you broke down the math.","I enjoyed learning about probability in an easy to grasp way. I feel that statistics does not get the emphasis it deserves in many fields/programs. I have found this course to be very helpful to understand statistics as it relates to geography and life.","I was hanging out with a recently graduated geography student and telling her about lab 4 and she expressed how useful she believes the material in this course is (for grad school) and how she wishes her quantitative methods course was more like this one.","Lab 5 data prep will really help. Thank you.","I like the probability talk. I have not really learned a lot about it in previous courses, but its very interesting to me.","Probability is one of the big talking points of statistics so I'm excited to see it in geography","I'm actually looking forward to learning more about probability, it's always been something that has scared me when I've gotten questions about it on tests in high school.","at first the probability questions confused me but I think I just needed a little reminder.","Stats and probability sometimes feel like trick questions, but I am glad we walked through examples in class.","how do you add a basemap onto ggplot2?","It's funny that you should bring up Mt Tambora and the year without a summer, because we happened to talk about it briefly in my 10 AM climate resilience course today.","Coming from haffutils::pretty_dens(), I'm not quite sure how to use ggplot2 independently for combing density plots, changing tick mark intervals, etc. Does haffutils::pretty_dens() have full ggplot2 integration, or would using ggplot2 directly give more functionality or at least an understanding of syntax?","I'm glad we got to go through some of lab 5 during class i think its helpful to keep doing that later on in future labs.","I've had troubles getting haffutils on my personal computer for labs and short tasks.","I have quite a few Rfiles up such as (the Codex, labs, in class activities, etc) in Rstudio and it's bothering me. Are there certain files I should keep up to reference to later?","So, just to clarify: cb is directly tied to geometry therefore ifgeometry = FALSE, we don't need to type cb = TRUE?","Are we going to go over the combination probability more?","I love gambling","Class moved a bit quick today.","I'm excited to get working on the lab!","it was worthwhile for me to do z score calculations by hand.","Z scores are interesting.","Connecting normal distribution standard deviations to z-scores was interesting, and a bit tricky!","I know ArcGIS allows you to normalize your data using standard deviations for mapping. Would you ever do that (for mapping purposes) or is that too difficult for a general audience to understand?","It was interesting to work with z-scores in this way since Ive never really understood them in general so it is helping a lot more to work with them in here.","The 2nd practice for calculating smaller and exact percentages was too quick to even record the answers--not enough time to realize that the percentage of values between 0 and 0.5 is not equal to that between 0.5 and 1.","It was a bit confusing learning about percentages for the distribution, maybe cover it more in the next lesson?","it makes a lot of sense!","Do distance z-scores work similar to standard deviation of distance?","We were moving pretty fast through the z-score percentages, but I was able to make sense of it once we started going through the answers.","is there a trick to remember the common z score intervals for normal distribution?","Will we be dealing with ratios and probability for the rest of the semester? It's hard to wrap my head around. How do people use z-scores if real life jobs?","I enjoy that we draw a lot of figures and stuff in notes. It helps me understand the lecture material through visualization.","It was nice and simple doing the z score math to figure out.","I noticed you changed the color/style of your presentation today, was there any reason for that or was it for a change of scenery?","If normal distributions are never found in real life, what is the point of a z-score? Just theory?","I wish there were two quant courses. It would be nice to spend one semester fully grasping the basics","I like implementing the things we learn in class (z score) to questions in class. It helps me better understand the material.","While independent events seem to be important to understanding scenarios or data, are independent events in the real world the exception or the norm, because they seem to be the exception","shoutout statistics :-D","It was fun doing the z score exercises!","I felt very confused learning about z-scores today. I think I've gotten a better handle on it now, but when we were first told to divide a normal distribution by 0, -/+ 1, 2, 3, I had no idea what I was doing.","How were the normal distribution divisions (68-95-99.7) decided? What is the backing for these divisions?","I'm just curious, can some of material we learned in the lectures be referred back to the text book we got or is the text book basically unnecessary?","There is an episode of the twilight zone where a guy lands a coin on its side and he starts reading people's minds","As a visual learner, I like that z-scores and distributions can be mapped out to get an estimate before confirming with computation. It helps assure that I know what is going on.","For some reason, for the question of how much data lies between a z-score of -2 and -2.5,\"pnorm(q = -2.5, lower.tail = FALSE) - pnorm(q = -2, lower.tail = FALSE)\"makes more sense to me conceptually than\"pnorm(q = -2) - pnorm(q = -2.5)\".","Does the norm function work with standard deviation of distance?","What are other scenarios that can be solved using z scores similar to the word problem presented in class?","If industrial engineers aim for probability the lies over 6 standard deviations away, how can they assume it is a normal distribution? It would most likely be skewed in real world, wouldn't it?","The z-score stuff was hard to wrap my head around at first but as we worked on the problems I started to understand where the numbers were coming from rather than just the procedure for finding the right answer.",null,"Doing the pnorm on R today felt good and it was starting to make sense to me.","Have a good weekend!","Although we only got a glimpse of what it looks like to calculate z-scores with real world situations, I'm interested to try others besides the Farmer Sue equation.","Is R using integrals to find the probability when using pnorm?","It was really helpful to work through these problems and also draw them out, as it helps me visualize the problem a little better.","What is the difference between TRUE and FALSE? Today's class was helpful.","50 bushels seems quite small of mean harvest for wheat, how big of a plot does farmer Sue have?","this is starting to make sense to me","I like making the visual z-scores then using r to calculate. It help with my understanding of a-scores.","I'm so glad that this class is turning out to be fun. I've really enjoyed trying things by hand before using R to check my work.","Insee the value in doing work on paper, but Sometimes it's hard not to jump the gun when it comes to doing work by hand before plugging it into R.","This has helped me understand probability. I have taken other stats classes and been mostly confused on real world application. I found the last part with the probability of return on investment for crop wield to be the click I needed.","Drawing it out helps it the entire process go smoothly","I didn't see this in pnorm()'s documentation, but is there a way to set two bounds?pnorm(q = -2) - pnorm(q = -2.5) instead pnorm(q1 = -2 - q2 = -2.5)","This was a good lesson on z- scores, I feel more confident going forward.","It's cool learning how to do calculations with z-scores in R. It's a lot easier doing it there than in a graphing calculator.","If I download RStudio into my laptop can I retain my codex from the Qdrive in the school computers and if so what is the easiest method?","I really struggle to visualise the percentage between two z-scores. I understand when it's just one way or the other but it's hard for me to estimate when it's like between 2 and 2.5.","I'm guessing this is where we're ultimately headed, but can you calculate sd/z-scores for how far away a spatial data point is from a mean center?","Today was starting to get slightly confusing with the z scores. Like specifically what the word problem is wanting from you. Will be studying for the exam on this.","I see the value of drawing pictures before computing a problem.","Being able to change the mean and standard deviation for p and q norm is super fun and cool. R is a super useful tool. :-D","I'm having a little trouble understanding the application of these tools, have you had to use them in any of your research?","The most difficult part of the long word problems for me is making a guess. What would you recommend knowing to make better guesses?","It's interesting how pnorm uses q while qnorm uses p.","I look forward to your talk! Different note, these z-scores are somewhat confusing at times. They are starting to make more sense.","How many of the word problems we worked on in class today will be on the exam?","If you were to be drinking wine while doing your presentation, would it be red or white?","I feel like I was starting to understand some of the problems, but I still need to get used to processing what we are doing and why.","I think I will get better at conceptualizing z-scores with practice, but I like drawing it out and computing it in R.","Making predictions is more fun now since we got some practice. It also helps that I finally understood when lower.tail is FALSE and when it's TRUE.","I like that we take the time to draw the pictures before doing each problem. It stops me from becoming a mindless rstudio robot.","The process seems to be coming more naturally than it was when we first started.","It was nice to start lab 6 during class today its very helpful.","It took me a second to correlate the qnorm % in my brain but after working through the questions it really clicked.","I enjoyed applying pnorm and qnorm to word problems.","I really wish I could attend the 2 Roots talk! I actually took off work to do so. Unfortunately, a rare opportunity to see an incredible live music group came up. I hope it's a swell time, though! Drink a glass of wine for me.","qnorm is much more confusing than pnorm but working through word problems helps","I am so confused on how visualizing the qnorm works. I am not understanding how to accurately estimate it in the drawings.","I like how coinvent the q and p norm functions are for finding z-scores.","I think the pnorm and qnorm z scores are starting to make sense.","How often do z-score analyses come up in the 'real world'? Are z-score analyses more theoretical to statistics as an academic discipline or are they applicable to 'real world' scenarios?","I'm so tired I don't think I absorbed any information","Todays practice made it feel a lot more natural working out all the z-score and probability problems after doing this in my lab as well as in class.","I appreciate having the time to do practice today!","It was easy to remember to use pnorm since the questions had the word probability in them!","later in the course will we be calculating compound probability?","Calculating z-scores and p-values is easy now :D .","when trying to use haffutils::pnorm_vis i keep getting this errorError in pnorm_vis() : could not find function \"pnorm_vis\"","Class went fast. Feeling confident in my ability to solve the word problems.","I felt like a lot more confident on calculating pnorm and qnorm today when working through problems on our own.","Will we have access to the spell book for the exam or is it just a study guide/ reference material?","It's clicking!","It felt good to do some practice questions on our own to remember how to keep doing them.","I appreciated the easier lecture today, gave us some time to plug through z score questions and get used to working with the pnorm/qnorm functions!","I enjoyed the extra practice with z-scores and probability and really like the pnorm_vis function!","being able to work through a couple practice problems definitely helped a lot","Could the resources tab on the course website be alphabetized? It would be much easier when hearing 'z-score practice' or 'standard evaluation practice', for example to find the correct tab.","Subtracting z scores to find the percentage between the two is easier to understand knowing you can subtract either tail from itself.","The word problems were a bit confusing but I got it after I knew how to plug numbers in.","When using Rstudio to calculate probabilities, are standard deviation and mean only used in word problems?","When we were doing the forest fire word problem in class, why did we not have lower.tail at all (neither being true or false)?","I really understand z-scores now, and using the pnorm() function, especially after the in class work today. I am still quite confused on qnorm.","I checked to see the z-score between which exactly 68% of the data lies, and it is at +/- 0.9945","My mind is shutting off as the semester goes on","We continued in class practice of z-scores, probability, and word problems, which is very helpful.","This will make sense more when I conceptualize it.","I'm feeling very glad I have taken elementary stats- this is just repeat from that course, but I appreciate the additionally exposure to hypothesis testing.","Hypothesis testing is not making a lot of sense to me yet. I feel like I am having trouble associating Type 1 and 2 errors correctly.","I am interested to see how type 1 and type 2 errors show up when we are doing hypothesis testing examples after spring break.","This hypothesis testing is everything ive been doing in Biology for years so im excited to be more skilled in the nitty gritty of the statistics. Although... I know most of this already...","Have a good break Dr. Haffner","It was cool to see visuals for the Theorm!","I think the last time I worked with hypothesis testing directly was AP Biology in high school.","Have a great spring break!","I'm looking forward to determining methodology and how we determine proper confidence/significance levels.","I thought that learning about Central Limit Theorem was really interesting, as was using the simulations.","What do you plan on doing over spring break?","Hopefully I don't forget all of this over spring break","It's nice to see the spell book start to fill up!","I'm exited to play video games all brake and maybe, just maybe, do some school work but probably not.","Definitely a lot of new things today to wrap my head around, but I'm looking forward to better understanding these things as I'm sure it will be super helpful in research related endeavors.","I found learning about the central limit theorem and type 1 and 2 errors really interesting.","I am excited to follow your advice, not work and play as many video games during the break as possible.","I thought the central limit theorem was interesting.","The central limit theorem was very interesting to learn about.","I love working with my hands as well. What kinds of carpentry journeys have you embarked on?","I'm going to sleep for a week","how many questions are there going to be on exam 2?","good lesson on z-tests, I am kind of getting the hang of it.","This was super helpful for doing a z-test. Ive done it in Biology classes tons of times but never really understood where the numbers come from or conceptually what it meant.","I seems like there are a lot of steps to computing z-tests, I think with more practice this will come easier.","Feeling very overwhelmed but I think it will make sense with more practice","I am feeling extremely nervous about the test. I feel that I pay attention, take good notes, rewatch videos outside of class and I'm still struggling with some of the concepts we are learning. I know z-tests and hypothesis testing are not on the test. Overall just wanted to say where I'm at.","seeing visualizations of critical value finding was worthwhile to me.","I'm excited to begin using inferential statistics!","How do statisticians typically decide on an alpha, other than using the commonly accepted 0.05 or 0.01 values?","I also had a difficult time understanding where the 0.2 value came from on the first example question and felt like i was close to getting it when you explained further, but I still don't...","When I was working on the short task yesterday for the exam review and only one section was mandatory while the other sections were optional does. Does that mean they are not going to be on the exam or we can just practice them in case they are?","I always appreciate writing equations by hand and drawing the bell curve for each problem.","I appreciate all the examples we do in class.","Feeling that zone of rejection heavy on the job application grind :(","This was a packed lecture with a lot of new information. I look forward to learning more about this material post exam.","The hypothesis testing and the one versus two tailed tests make a lot of sense to me!","In stats, we would put our values in the calculator and get the CV and z-test statistic more efficiently. Is there a way to use R as a graphical calculator to compute z-tests via one function?","I thought it was interesting what you mentioned at the end about the real-world application and significance of these studies and how it relates to protected groups, as I hadn't considered that before, but it makes sense.","We continued discussing z-tests and practiced some example problems and calculations. It's helpful to go through them together.","Have a great weekend!","Feeling ready for the exam :)","No questions, have a great weekend!!","for drawing pictures on the exam, should we provide our own paper?","I feel confident on calculating using pnorm, I will need to study conceptual questions further.","We reviewed problems for Exam 2. I'm definitely going to study over the weekend.","I feel confident about the exam. Thank you for the review!","I appreciate the time in class to study for upcoming exams. It helps easy any anxieties I have to go over it agin and make sure the answers are correct.","I'm glad to have reviewed qnorm applications.","The in-class review helped me feel a bit more calm about the upcoming exam.","Thank you for doing a review day","I feel prepared for the exam and excited to see how I do!","Feeling nervous for the exam","This review was really helpful!","I think calculating the z-scores is making sense.","Thank you for dedicating a class period towards exam review!","I need to practice more z-tests outside of class. Overall I find working through the problems first and then going back through them helps me understand the content more conceptually.","I am taking a python-based course next semester - any tips with retaining everything I've learned in R? I don't want to forget everything I've learned!","I find z-tests to be a bit trickier than z-scores, I hope this will make more sense with further practice.","Walking through the problem on our own today made everything with z-test make much more sense and feel more effortless.","these tests are starting to make more sense to me. When you run do you ever keep sugar cubes or apple sauce for energy?","Beijing Statistics... I am curious about how different cultures approach statistical methods. I can believe that Chinese statisticians are more objective though their culture is associated with indirectness.","Everything made a lot of sense today","I agree with the sentiment that z-tests will become more familiar with repetition. I'm also in agreement that α = 0.05 is arbitrary in calculating test statistics, and I am interested in Bayesian statistics for that reason.","I felt like I was getting better at understanding how to do the seven steps, but I think I will need more practice to understand it and do it more quickly.","That table is huge, it's twice the size of your car!Actually though, what kind of word problem scenario would a two group z-test look like as opposed to a one group z-test?","I didn't fully get what we were doing today, but I know with practice, I'll understand, just like z-scores. It's helpful how we try on our own and then go through the problem together.","Have a good day!","I'm still getting a little tripped up on the failing to reject or rejecting the null hypothesis, but all the other steps make sense to me. I will be working on extra problems outside of class to get it.","This was a little bit confusing to figure out how to plug in the values for the tests.","I still don't understand the z-test reject/fail null hypothesis word problems.","It is a bit hard to memorize all 7 steps but I feel like I am becoming more comfortable with the process the more we work on it in class.","I hadn't revisited the process of z-tests in a bit and somehow I think that taking a step away and looking at it with fresh eyes heightened my understanding.","I'm interested in the formula used for two tailed z tests.","it was worthwhile for me to see the gpa problem worked out.","I like doing hypothesis testing. It's more computationally fun compared to just descriptive statistics.","I've seen p-values in classes before but have never had them explained, so it's cool to finally have the method to the madness","do you give your kids easter baskets? I was talking with other professors, and it is a mixed bag on a easter basket or easter \"goodies\".","P values are something I use EVERYDAY in my biology classes when we are doing research. Im hoping this class can help me strengthen those skills for when I do my final write up on the term project we are doing.","I felt that I was able to figure out what to type into R fairly easy when it came to t-tests. I am interested to see how the p-value will be used.","Is the stuff with t-tests going to keep building on itself? Where are we heading with it?","In differentiating scenarios where either a z-test or a t-test should be used, how arbitrary is the 30 cut off for the sample size?","I'm happy to be back and get into it!","Glad to be back, I missed having this class over field seminar","Class  made more sense today!","I think you may have talked about it before, but since 0.05 is arbitrarily assigned, what are the proposed methods to find a number that is not arbitrary?","I'm glad that even after missing a few classes everything is mostly making sense!","The z-test is making sense to me and I was gone for awhile so im glad I can understand it right now.","So which tests can we use to evaluate spatial patterns if they are mostly non-independent events?","I like trying different word problems/ real world examples for working with the formulas as it helps me understand what is being computed and why.","At what point would a sample size be considered too small, even when using the t-test? (e.g. is 14 students' study habits too small over the population of UWEC as a whole, or does the t-test still hold enough significance?)","In the hypothesis word problems for t or z tests are all numbers shown being used or just ones relevant to the problem?","I am a little confused on the visualisations for t-test and x-tests (as they are similar) we seemed to rush through it quite quickly today and I am having trouble seeing how to visualise them.","You've mentioned many times how it's interesting or significant when the p-value is less than 0.05, but is there any significance if the p-value is greater than 0.95 or less than 0.05 in the other direction?","I am so lost","Is it better to have a lower alpha value when using a t-test? Or is the shape of the distribution enough to account for have less data? Also, could you explain the difference between the alpha value and the p-value? I think that could help solidify what each of those are conceptually.","I've used both t-tests and ANOVA for a previous class but am unsure about the difference between the two.","How often do you run to campus? Is it just when you prepare for a larger run or do you just like to switch it up form sometimes?","have a good day!","Today was challenging  to understand what was going on with the new t-test, but the example about the one group t test was helpful for working on the lab this week.","Is the data we read in for the two-sample t-test the same as the Auto data frame from the ISLR library? I've used that in a different class and they look very similar.","Since it is in our codex, will we be able to use the examples from today (children on bikes and the asia cars vs europe cars) in our next exam?","nice haircut","Is there a z.test function too?","Gotta go :-D","It's starting to make more sense as we are closer to applying to real world scenarios.","You said you're glasses weren't working, what happened to them that they broke?","Are there additional sources you recommend for familiarizing yourself with t-tests and real-world examples?","How likely are statistical analyses like the ones we've performed in class to influence public policy? Do you have any anecdotes?","I am enjoying using t tests!","The real data usage and working with cars has helped this click for me","I finally put rstudio and r into my personal laptop but whatever I edited into codex on the computers in the lab I'm sure is not in my codex on my computer. Is there a faster way to obtain files such as my lab and add information into my codex between the two computers?","Good lesson today, I'm getting the hang of it.","the process in R makes sense but the test values and what they mean are a little confusing to me still.","Having the practice problem in the codex will be very helpful","Will we have to remember the criteria for each test?","Will the two sample independent t-test be included on the next exam?","Super cool that we're getting closer to real world applications of the statistical analysis processes! Will these tests also work in spatial data since we're looking at two dimensional data? Or are there variations of these tests that work a little differently?","Starting to understand how to use R without just copying everything you do finally","Correlation game was fun!","We should play the correlation game every day.","I was overwhelmed when you first showed the pearson's r formula, but after working through it I realized we know how to calculate it fairly easy.","the correlation game was super helpful at recognizing what the value might be. wish there was a game for z-tests too.","Will we learn methods in class to determine the correlation of non-linear relationships? (e.g. parabolas or \"S\" curves?)","I am feeling more confident. I appreciate the outside recommendations for resources to help my understanding of these concepts.","Have you had any issues with prescriptions changing over time if you keep reusing the same glasses?","I think we ought to dig more into this margarin consumption and divorce rate correlation.... I think they're onto something.","Guess the correlation was real fun, although I felt like the class was dragging a little bit, it's hard when a lot of the math I've already seen or done.","The guess the correlation game was super fun and a cool aspect of thinking spatially/ mathematically!","I may be the goat of guess the correlation.","Our first non normal assumption, almost brings a tear to my eye","While correlation doesn't tell you about causation, you mentioned that you may get a hunch that something could cause something else. Does statistics have a test that could test causation in some sense or does that have to be determined by other methods?","We finally unlocked ordinal data methods!","How did you figure out the glasses trick?","Finally... Ordinal Data!!","both spearmans and pearsons have a range from -1 to 1, does this mean that is is based on ternary?","It was fun to play guess the correlation!","When did you discover that you could fix your glasses using acetone?","I've been making music with a friend of mine that I suspect may intrigue you","I really enjoyed learning about pearson's r and Spearman's test.","The correlation game was fun.","I actually think correlation is siper interesting because of how easily it can be applied to the real world. That being said, I feel like it is prone to being misinterpreted.","have a good weekend!","Will we ever work with ggplot2 or ggformula for data visualizations in this class?","do you have a local bike repair shop that you recommend?","I like learning better ways to visualize data since its something I do all the time and it can be frustrating if you know how to the data works or you even collected the data yourself yet cant get it to be represented the way you want.","The Anscombe's visualization was fascinating.","I feel that things are starting to come together when I think back on what we have learned so far and how it has built through today.","I had a question on the short task (question 5). I was confused whether mpg and cyl had a non-linear pattern or no. It seems like there is a non-linear relation, after all. Is it true? Also, I liked GGally Package best.","How would you go about conducting a correlation test on a 'flawed' dataset like those found in Anscombe's Quartet or the examples shown from Autodesk?","How important is it to specify the method in a cor.test? Didn't seem like a priority :-P","What was your paper about in your extension of Anscombe's quartet?","As a visual learner, I agree that visualizing things and doing so properly (accurate, representative, aesthetic, etc.) is so beneficial.","I'm glad we could see the questions we got wrong on the exam","I was able to understand the correlation work we did in R.","Cool to see how to use correlation in R","it's crazy how many different shapes the correlation program made!","Correlation is really interesting, I enjoyed seeing the visualisations.","Are there resources to practice Rstudio so I can get used to the codes once this class is over this semester?","I thought I did a lot better on the exam than I ended up doing","I wonder what other functions can be used for correlation visualization.","The weather is super great! Perfect day for a bike ride. Class related: I am feeling a lot more confident in my R wielding skills!","ggpairs is so much better than corrplot","have a good day!","Working through getting corrplot to work by excluding the NA values seems like it will come in handy.","I noticed that when I loaded GGally, RStudio also loaded the package ggplot2, as it is required for GGally. Do packages often require other packages to be installed to run?","seeing examples of modifiable aeiral units problem was wortwhile to me","Are there solutions to get around the modifiable areal units problem?","I wish UWEC offered more data science courses, specifically related to visualizations.","The visualization packages shown in class today are quite interesting! These would look great on a poster or in an article.","Lots of nice visualizations today, I especially like the color method in corrplot.","We should create a quick poll to see which correlogram function is preferred in the class (just for fun).","Loved working with correlation plots, lots of fun working with different data vis methods!","Could we get a refresher on some basic r shortcuts, perchance? I feel like I finally have any idea what's going on so I might be able to implement those things now.","I liked how there was more control over how corrplot works but ggally was much more automated.","Is there a limit to what corrplot and ggpairs can visualize? What's the most common kind of data that is used for those visualizations, and in what kind of jobs?","I worked a little bit with violin plots using python, but I didn't realize the similarities to density plots.","It was interesting to learn about correlograms as we were introduced to an application during our GEOG field trip!","Corplot has a function that makes all the things in the boxes little pie charts","Have you seen any instances when the modifiable aerial unit problem caused a serious issue?","The ggpairs in the correlograms were fun to plot.","I really enjoyed making the correlograms!","would a chess or checkered board be an example of negative SAC?","It was really interesting learning applications of statistics and geography in sports. Do you know of any resources to learn more about this?","wi_hazards = wizards = us :-D, also its good to finally be working explicitly with spatially dependent data. I was pretty confused at the beginning of class but I think I'm getting it and look forward to getting into it more.","It's different after all this time to finally be testing something without needing independent events as an assumption. I wonder how we will use Moran's I and Monte Carlo in tandem.","How do you keep all of the statistical methods straight? I am grasping the concepts however I feel that sometimes I cannot pull the correct methods out because there is too much bouncing around in my head.","Spatial autocorrelation seems super interesting and is not something I have learner or worked with before so I think it will be cool to add a new skill to my toolbox for working with spatial data.","More related to the past few classes, on our field trip in Geomorphology we listened to a lecture about magnetism in minerals and how they used Spearmans law to look into the statistic side of where certain clusters were located. We looked at different distributions and it was cool to make a connection.","How common is the modifiable areal unit problem in studies involving Moran's I?","I liked working with the Monte Carlo simulation. It became harder and harder to guess which map had the strongest spatial correlation once I started playing around with variables (especially \"flod_inj\"). This is likely due to minimal data relevant to this variable/ low numbers.","It was interesting to start learning about spatial autocorrelation.","Is Moran’s I similar to spearman’s where it’s kind of the only one that’s used? Or are there uses for less common measures?","could an example of a negative spatial autocorrelation be  plant life in an arboretum?","Are negative SAC ever sought after? Like hopping that pollution levels are Low surrounding a major sight of pollution.","How do you determine your scale of measurement for spatial autocorrelation studies? (e.g. the nearest 9 points/centroids vs the nearest 27 points/centroids).","Is there a way to visualize local SAC? Would it just be a map of the Morans I values?","It was interesting to learn about different types of spatial correlations, I hope we get more examples in the future.","What are the most common variables tested for SAC?","At this point I feel like I'm pretty familiar with earlier topics from the semester and now it's getting to be information overload where the new stuff is getting lost in the sauce :(","What would be an instance when you would use Moran’s I or Geary’s C?","I am still confused how to answer questions about positive/negative SAC based on the images provided. Do we look at the big picture, or do we zoom in on those specific areas where SAC is clearly positive?","Positive vs Negative SAC doesn’t seem too hard to remember, but it was hard telling which was which when you showed the maps.","Why does hail not have as great of a spatial autocorrelation as something like tornadoes?","I remember using Moran’s I in GIS III, is there an R package for it? Or will we be working in ArcGIS?","How does spatial autocorrelation tie in to the rest of what we've learned so far? Is it all used together in the real world and in this class, like t-test, z-tests, etc?","There is a type of fish (whose name eludes me at the moment) that scours the seafloor for stones and shells to make a nest to lay eggs in. They will gather hundreds of stones to do this and concentrate them all within their nests. I was wondering if this could be an example of nefative correlation on nature, that of the amount of seafloor debris being really high in their nests, while the outside areas are barren?","I enjoyed using color brewer today and learning about the colorblindness safe function and the copy from url hack.","The whole time I was working in GeoDa I was thinking how I disliked the point-and-click the software was and how I really wish this could be scripted. I was happy to hear that it can be!!!","Geoda was cool! Great tool for visualization. Do people use it in professional settings? When have you used it? How often does the software get updated?","within GeoDa is there a setting to adjust how a centroid is calculated?","Could there be a Knight contiguity or does that not even make sense?","It is a little confusing navigating GeoDa.","I liked using a new tool today to learn about the new topic but im excited to get back into R to work on spatial autocorrelation more.","It was fun to play around with GeoDa, but I feel like it is hard to know what to do as the menus seem a little obtuse and hard to navigate.","I find myself curious about statistical methods from non spatial applications, as I have little to no background in statistics.","I know you said that there is no practical application for the use of Bishops, however I wonder under what circumstance/data set someone might find it to be useful on its own.","I'm excited to see the automation of what we learned using GeoDa today.","What are some applications where choosing the rook contiguity over the queen would be ideal?","The GeoDa software was nice to be able to visualize how these things occur over space. (Fairly buggy software). Do you think that there is a way to build a software that is more useful? Or just use R/python?","I like the workflow of GeoDa and the connectedness of the maps/ data visualizations. When you click and move the cursor around one map, it highlights the same spaces and respective data on the other visuals.","I still don’t quite understand how to use GeoDa. Though I still want to learn how to use it.","Learning about GeoDa was pretty cool so I hope we will be using it more in class.","are we going to use GeoDa more? Not the biggest fan of it","GeoDa seems fun to mess around in, but it seems like you could do everything faster and easier in R","During the activity I set the order of continuity to 20 and didn't include lower orders. I got negative correlation with a p-value of 0.001. This fascinated me be sort of made sense.","What are some real world application for removing lower orders from a queens contiguity?","Does the automation in R only produce the numbers/values sides of things? or will we be able to create relevant visualizations?","It's starting to get difficult to keep all of the different types of values straight, but I think reviewing some of the stuff from earlier in the semester on my own will help with connecting concepts.","I managed to get GeoDa to crash","GeoDa seems interesting. It is quick and easy to use for evaluating one or two variables. Simultaneous analysis of more variables may be complicated.","Working more with spatial autocorrelation made it more concrete in my brain. Local SAC also helped with questions I had about global SAC.","I would like to see more z-test and t-test examples for the review.","Looking at crime data today, is local SAC often used to determine deployment of police officers to beats within a jurisdiction?","Could there be global spatial autocorrelation that is significant, while local spatial autocorrelation is not significant?","In my opinion, it is not very intuitive to navigate GeoDa and all the windows make everything seem cluttered.","Why is GeoDa so finicky?","Could you go over again how you know if there is high SAC using the p-values. If the p-value is low does that mean high SAC?","I think a knight contiguity scheme would just vaguely resemble a second or third order scheme. An idea though- a chess board that is also a map. perhaps we can use a county map of Iowa counties.","It’s nice to fill out the spell book and refresh those older concepts, I was worried I would forget them by now","Will we have time to get the spellbook full caught up on wednesday? This has been paramount in my studying sessions for the past exams.","Will we be allowed to use our spellbook in this exam or is it only the codex?","is this next exam the same as the last where we only have access to our codex?","I'm glad we are using GeoDa again i thought it was interesting from last week.","I feel good about the exam, updating the spell book definitely gave me a little refresh and helped!","I really like GeoDa and how easy it is to compare visualizations. Is there another software that is more commonly used with a similar workflow for quick visuals and comparisons?","How is the amount of iterations determined when using the Moran_iter function in r?","Is there is trend between order of contiguity and the SAC? Does greater order of contiguity yield a lower SAC?","Will special autocorrelation be on the exam or will it only focus on correlation?","I think it would be beneficial to go through a word problem, for which we would interpret local SAC (to gain a deeper understanding).","the distinction between high-low and low-high was very helpful to me","How would one upload data into geoda?","In past research or reading, have you ever found an example of general positive spatial autocorrelation on a global scale with a case of negative spatial correlation locally that you found especially interesting or even amusing?","I'm feeling ready for the exam, I appreciate all the review time.","what kind of r database/ platform to you recommend using for student faculty research?","Im hoping to do better on this exam from the last one. I think practicing the test statistic calculation will help me the best.","Thank you for going over several end-to-end problems, explaining t-tests versus z-tests, and finding p-values. It is all very helpful before entering the exam.","Time to start memorizing!","it was worthwhile for me to go over confidence levels","I am feeling more confident about the end-to-end questions.","Will we have scratch paper available for the exam?","I'm still a little confused with p-values, but having new stuff in the codex will be helpful when studying for the exam.","I think I saw you biking when I was on my way to Costco passing Banbury Place! If that was you, I dig the tandem bike!","Gotta go, thank you!","I feel confident about the exam. Still not confident about when we should put our short task work onto the Drive. I did it in my notes with some R scripting and was rather lazy to take a picture of it and upload it...Was it expected?","I'm still a little confused about when to use z or things and when to use t.","I appreciate going over the processes for solving for different values and reiterating what these values mean.","What prompted you to make the eqr package?","I feel that this course has really tested my analytical thinking skills. I feel much more confident (and also skeptical) when I see statistics out in the real world now.","I feel very prepared for the upcoming exam. I like that the exams are broken down into smaller exams rather than one midterm and final.","It was good to prepare for our exam i feel alright about the things we went over.","Going over practice problems was huge. I have a much better understanding of where I need to study.","I was struggling with calculating p values last night but today it clicked, the demonstration really helped","It can be confusing figuring out what type of test and what function to use; it gets more confusing as we learn more.","I'll be studying a lot harder for this test than the last one","The review really helped me feel more prepared for the exam, and I know exactly what I need to look over now.","I’m still confused about when to use qnorm, qt, pt, or pnorm. What is the best way to recognize when to use these?","The practice on calculating CVs was very useful!","I'm curious about the relationship between degrees of freedom and whether the t test statistic is closer to what the z test statistic would be. As df increases, t gets closer to z. You said to think of degrees of freedom as sample size, which makes this relationship make sense conceptually, but I'm curious about the more detailed reasoning behind that, I suppose. Thanks for explaining it though.","I liked the tutorial with tmap today because while qtm() is helpful to make a map quick, I love to customize and make things work much cleaner by being able to edit the color scale and the legend so the map is so much easier to navigate.","For the attach variables section of the in class activity, could we use the mutate function instead?","I loved the end-to-end format where we build a product from the ground up. It's nice to go through these steps that we learned at the beginning of the semester and refresh the muscle memory too!","I do agree with your statement at the beginning of class regarding how we may feel like we couldn't have done that code on our own; however, I do feel like I was able to follow along and understand as you were explaining each argument we put into R today.","Do Geoda and rgeoda both use the same software under the hood? Or is it just the same foundational formulas?","I finally understand how tm_shape works. Working with the pipe operator is, however, still confusing to me...","What is your plan for carb loading for the Half Marathon on Sunday?","I'm curious why when using tm_shape and tm_fill, even though we typed in the same thing, your classes were automatically rounded to a different amount of decimal points than mine and my neighboring classmate's were.","Definitely going to need to review all of this on my own as we've learned a lot of new R functions and tricks.","I enjoyed the end to end example. This is something that would have been very intimidating at the beginning of the semester. I look forward to learning about regression to tie up the semester.","when it comes to spatial data, are there specific color pallets that are commonly used for specific variable (income, housing, geographic data, ect.)?","Thank you for the time spent today working through an end-to-end problem and working through the basics of tmap!","It was good to follow through your directions in R today. If I had to figure it out myself I'd be pretty lost.","It's nice to get more practice with tmap! I think it would be a good way to create simple maps quickly. especially with qtm.","Should I download “rgeoda” into my personal Codex?","Good wrap of SAC and how to work with it in r and creating maps!","It's helpful getting more mapping practice!","I enjoyed the tmap demo today! I’ve had issues in the past trying to remove the missing label from the legend; do you know how to do that?","It was really cool making the map towards the end of class! Is there a way to make the background map have a few more details ( other states having different color, labels, etc., color to the Great Lakes) to make a more illustrated map or does R not have that capability?","Is the final exam a cumulative exam or just the last quarter of the class curriculum?","Today's activity was very insightful. The attach variables section was the most difficult for me to understand.","If we aren't keeping up with the scripts would you rather we ask you to stop for a bit, or just go back and watch the videos later?","Do you have any bike races planned? Road, MTB, Gravel?","Is regression often calculated alongside correlation?","The equation for Bivariate Regression did seem a little scary at first, but seeing you work through it made it look easy.","I'll be playing in the band at the blugold mile for the marathon! Excited to be there, it'll be a fun day!","I wish that this course was offered in a Quant 1 and Quant 2. I feel like we would be better served to have more opportunity to learn these complex statistical methods that are broadly applicable throughout school, work, and life.","Regression sounds super interesting but it was confusing this first run around so Im excited to learn more next class.","What is the difference between multiple and adjusted R-squared? We've always used the adjusted one in my Poli Sci courses.","Interesting to start on Regression, still a bit confused about it right now.","I have done regression analysis in Excel in IS classes before, and it was not explained in this much detail so its nice to figure it out finally","I don't have much stats background or frame of reference to understand regression, so this is pretty confusing personally. I'm interested to see how it could be applied to spatial analysis though!","A truly beautiful equation for b, how was it determined to minimize the vertical distance to the line of best fit?","using the mt cars as an example, the car can't be at 0 weight and have mpg, is there a way you not that on the regression model?","The long equation that we went over in class was much simpler that it looked. I would not mind doing it manually if I had to.","It’s nice to break down that nasty formula and having to function to do instead of typing it all out.","Is there a way to export maps made in RStudio that lets you edit and change individual elements/layers in Adobe Illustrator or similar programs?","How does regression play into the other concepts we've learned in this class? Are they often used together? How do you know when to use regression?","the units of measurement being constant within the trendline formula through me for a loop but i think i understand why","I hope to use the different models in R rather than using excel to make graphs. I like the variety that R offers.","I guess I am still a little unclear on why p needs to be less than n, when p is number of variables and n is the sample size; is it to maintain simplicity or is it simply mathematically impossible for p to be greater than n?","How applicable or used are regression models other than OSL regression used? (e.g. the GLM regression model briefly discussed in class)","I guess I need need a little bit of clarification, does the lm(formula=x-y) the faster way to calculate a and b or is that for something else?","I really like walking through the formulas. It helps me better understand what I’m doing and makes the formula look a lot less overwhelming.","The example of regression modeling over distance was really interesting.","On the quiz I rounded all my answers to 2 decimals instead of 3, because I thought canvas was only letting us round to 2 decimals on all the questions, and I feel like I got one or two wrong. Probably my own fault, but still frustrating.","You weren't wrong, it surely felt like drinking from the firehose today! I'm looking forward to this making more sense next week.","Why is it called regression? I feel that word means nothing to me at the moment.","Taking DS 140 is extremely helpful for understanding linear regression models - this lecture was all a review from that class.","Being able to comprehend data and speak about data analytics has helped me get several job interviews. I counter the department not seeing value in this course based along my own experience in getting results from the knowledge I have learned in here.","Still a bit confused on regression at the moment but hopefully I can better understand it next week","Regression is starting to make more sense, but I guess im still confused on exactly what the use cases are? like it will be nice to do a sample problem using spatial data that can explain what conclusions we can draw using regression vs correlation/ other methods.","I noticed you've been using a different version of the pipe lately (|> instead of %>%), is that just to make it clearer for us or are you switching it up?","Is there a shortcut to copy or cut a single line of code in r?","will we dive into Q-Q plots more? Also do you have a favorite running app? looking for strava alts.","The regression model equation makes sense, but I'm still having a difficult time understanding how to assess whether or not any particular is significant or accurate.","Can assumptions for regression be violated and how so?","good luck in the race on Sunday!","Why are there so many assumptions for regression?","What (in your opinion) would be the top 5 most useful skills or workflow practices learned in this class when going on to do GIS work in an internship or occupation?","Will we have to remember some of the equations that we learned today for the final? If so, which ones?","I felt a little overwhelmed with all the information we got today, but I think it’s starting to come together, or hopefully I will understand by next week.","The concepts from today were pretty confusing. I look forward to the next few classes to further understand them.","I would like to try and get better at using more keyboard shortcuts without the need of the mouse.","Are you planning on doing the grandma marathon in the Duluth area? Also do you make the make the marathons a family event or find ways to include them?","We've looked at outliers in data before. How are residuals different from what we've already learned about?","Is the f-test similar to the methods used for the z-test and t-test or a completely different concept?","The explanation based around regression and how you can tell what the values mean is a little bit confusing.","Is \"drinking from the firehose\" a refrence to UHF, or is it just something people say?also, Slaughterhouse 5 is one of my dad's favorite novels","What was the most unexpected correlation/significance you have found through running an OLS model or utilizing other methods?","This might start to be making more sense to me since we got to go through it in R today and hopefully I'll really understand it next class.","This weekend I was reading some papers for a research paper and it was cool to see and understand when they gave details about the data like the confidence level. :-D I'm learning so much :-D","Is there a value for how flat horizontal lines we plot for assessing assumptions should be? I noticed that the scale really impacts the decision just as in the case with evaluating kurtosis of a distribution.","The use of the pipe operator towards the end of class was interesting. I'm curious to learn more use cases for the pipe after the semester is over yet.","Because the semester is ending, I'm planning on putting my codex somewhere other than the qdrive for future use. Would you recommend just saving that to a personal device, or a cloud-based location (like google drive or onedrive)?","where is the best place to store our codex after the class is over?","Regression is slowly making sense however the formulas are a bit confusing still.","Right now this is feeling a little abstract, but more practice and studying will definitely help. This seems like a lot to study for exam 4!","Using the same data set of mtcars is helpful for computing different types of recession and comparing them.","could you go over the difference between reverse stepwise regression and kitchen sink regression?","I see we're starting to get into more spatial applications in the end-to-end examples. Super excited to work with spatial data, really hoping to find new ways to create visualizations of what we're seeing in the explanatory statistics side of things!","Going over the processes that we went over last class in R was very helpful. This makes a lot more sense than it did previously.","What race that you have been a part of was your favorite and what is a race you really want to do?","When we were testing assumptions in today for regression, we went forward even when something didn't match perfectly. How do you decide when to do that or is that what we are going to go over next?","What do we do with the assumptions after they're determined? Does it change the rest of the process? Are there things that get left unconsidered? When is it better to use regression, and when is it better to use stepwise?","I have enjoyed learning about regression. It is a bit firehose, however it is interesting to see all of this laid out in front of us in class. I hope to work and carry these skills on after graduation.","When using regression, is the raw data of the residuals or the interpretation of the data more important?","I think I am started to understand what the different assumptions are doing/ looking for. In general, it feels less computational in a way compared to z and t tests","The step-by-step vs kitchen sink examples were great to show what variables would make it into an academic paper in a regression analysis,","Regression is starting to make a lot more sense but I'm excited for the top to bottom example because I think it will help me understand better for the exam.","Is ols a convention for naming regression variables and does it stand for something?","How much of the final exam will be about regression? Also is the final exam cumulative?","I noticed that the amnesty assignment is due this friday. Does the dropbox close on friday, or sunday like the labs? Also UHF is a very funny movie everybody should see","I still feel a little lost on how to assess the models. When looking at the plots they don’t seem nearly linear enough to work, how do you decide it’s “good enough” to use?","Is there ever truly independent events? I have trouble with the concept of independence because my brain just wants to say no, that's never actually the case.","The end-to-end regression practice helped today; it's starting to click. With some more studying, I would feel confident going into the test. What's the extent of regression questions on the exam?","It was a nice refresh to go over a bunch of things we've done throughout the semester today to see how much we've actually gone through.","I have found the end-to-end examples to be extremely helpful to put all of the pieces together in one place. I have found that this course has converted me to scripting instead of point and click GUI software.","The example today helped to clear up some confusion I have regarding regression models and how everything works.","Why were you in such a mood to use pipes today, the flow of the code felt way different than usual","It's truly amazing to see how much we've learned within this course over the semester, especially when doing this end-to-end model.","Will we need to use a function like transmute in R on the exam?","This was a great activity to bring in everything we've learned so far! How would you go about explaining the statistical results we see in a spatial map like this? What would you look for to explain extreme positive and negative residuals?","Regression modeling is still confusing to me. Hopefully a bit more practice will make the modeling and values within each step stick.","Mapping residuals is interesting. Throwing everything together from the course was helpful--it is nice to make connections among bits of information.","Will there be an end to end question on regression on the exam (similar to the hypothesis testing)?","The full walk through today helped me with some questions I had in my lab. I will say its confusing how in R you can write the code so many different ways such as using the pipe or not and assigning a variable on the left or right. Im wondering if Python has a lot of these flexible ways of righting things or not and if you like that there are multiple ways to do something or not?","I think this lecture helped put regression into the bigger picture of the class, the context of the other stuff we’ve done helped me understand its use a lot more","Will the 4th exam be longer due to it being in a final exam time slot or will it be similar to the past exams?","Definitely would have been easier to do Lab 10 after today's class (which you definitely told us that), but I'm glad I spent the time figuring it out on my own (except for all the times I needed help hahahahah). I feel pretty good about the process now and learned a lot from my mistakes I think.","The end to end regression example was really helpful, having to do this on my own for the exam I am a little nervous about remembering all the packages that are needed.","Will we be able to have the new end-to-end example script open for the exam as well? Or do we need to stick to just our codex?","Will we have to memorize the assumptions of regression for the exam?","I know you said we didn't need to put it in our codex, but do you mind if we do? I just think it would be useful to see all the models ligned up and used in the same case for refrence","I feel like everything is coming together from the semester. I definitely have learned a lot.","Funny story for a manual transmission enjoyer: a friend of mine recently ended up with their 2009 Subaru Impreza Outback Sport in the creek behind the Davies parking lot. Silly goose forgot to put the parking break on. My comment to them was that what happened to their vehicle is what the parking lot is designed to make happen to a raindrop - nice drainage ditch!","I thought it was interesting that you could write a function to the right side instead of using the pipe function.","The in class activity was very helpful and I imagine it will be useful for studying for the upcoming exam","Thank you for this class, it's been fun to learn R!","I'm feeling better about the exam after the review, the spatial correlation questions are making sense. I'm glad I made it through the semester!","Thanks for the great semester, going over the regression equation was helpful for me.","Thank you for a great semester! Have a great summer!","I have absolutely loved this class. It was never something I would have thought myself to like when starting but everything flowed and fit in so well with my previous knowledge of working with spatial data. I think this course is helpful for anyone is science, spatial or not.","I have really enjoyed this class and have learned a lot of practical and applicable information to implement in my research project! Thank you for a great semester!","I enjoyed this class more than I expected. Comparatively to POLS290 and MATH246, the skills we used were much more applicable, and I finally feel like I get it. Thank you very much and gave a great summer!","I was nervous that this class was going to be difficult and complex, but it turned out to be much more enjoyable and applicable than I expected. Thank you!","I've enjoyed this class and have learned a lot. Thank you, and have a great summer! - Eva","Thank you for your enthusiasm during this course! I can tell this stuff is totally your jam and it comes through very clearly, I'm upset that I can't take GIS 3, I would have loved to dive deeper into computational spatial analysis :(","I was hoping for more drama in the statistical manifesto ngl. Thank you for an amazing semester! Definitely learned a lot and will carry my statistical spellbook with me forever :-D","I need more information on how a p-value is significant based on the numbers not the **.","If we are graduating in the spring of 2027, are we still allowed to go on the immersion trip?","Thank you for all you've taught us this semester. It was a pleasure to learn statistics and coding using R under your guidance. Have a great time during your upcoming sabbatical!","Are there resources I can refer to for Rstudio so I can continue practicing scripting over the summer?","Do you have any blogs or articles posted on automation and findings related to regression models and such?","As someone who doesn't have to strong of a grasp on statistics as whole, I'm curious on what you'd have to say about the differences between \"confidence,\" \"explanatory power (R squared)\" and \"significance (p values)\"?","This was a fun and very informative class! I will definitely be using things from this class in future courses and 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# Thank you!

- This presentation: https://geohaff-pres.netlify.app/useR-2026
- Source code: https://gitlab.com/mhaffner/presentations/-/tree/master/public/useR-2026
- Email: haffnerm@uwec.edu
- Web:
  - https://geohaff.com
  - https://4thcoastconsulting.com